Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica, Fatores de risco, Revisão sistemática
Abstract
Aim. To determine by means of a systematized review modifiable risk factors for the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Method. We have analyzed studies published in the English language on the subject in question, published until December 31, 2016, with reference to the MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine) database. We considered only randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in addition to systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis for results. The selected outcomes were: incidence of VAP, average time to install VAP, risk rate for VAP, days of intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization, and mortality attributable to VAP. Results. Included in the scope of this review were 6 RCTs, which fulfilled the selection criteria. The studies analyzed involved 2051 patients. Analysis of the studies has shown that the absence of antibiotic prophylaxis, maintenance of nasogastric tube, supine position, use of heat and moisture exchanger and the persistence of conventional ventilatory weaning attempts increase the incidence of VAP. Prophylactic use of intravenous Cefuroxime in the first 12 hours of endotracheal intubation and early gastrostomy in the first 24 hours after intubation in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke, elevated bedside position, and use of heated humidifiers may decrease the occurrence of VAP. No different outcomes have been demonstrated between closed or open tracheal aspiration systems. Early extubation with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) decreased the occurrence of VAP, days of ICU stay and mortality. Conclusion. This systematic review suggests that among the different strategies of prevention of VAP, the most effective was early extubation with NIV, because it was the only intervention studied that decreased the occurrence of VAP, days of ICU stay and mortality.